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"Holograms

A laser hologram is a unique way of photographing an object. The image is recorded onto special holographic film by laser light. When the film is then illuminated by the same frequency of laser light that recorded the image, a seemingly real three dimensional image of the photographed object is projected. When looking at a piece of holographic film, you do not see an image of the object photographed like normal camera film. What is seen is an intricate pattern of concentric circles that look like rain drops on the surface of a pond. Holographic film records the wave pattern of the image, not the individual points of light like a camera.

Pribram’s theory was that the brain stored everything in a complex pattern formed by the interference of wave energy, not the firing of individual neurons. The only question that remained was what wave-like phenomenon is the brain using to create such internal holograms? As soon as Pribram considered the question, he thought of a possible answer. It was known that the electrical communications that take place between the brain’s nerve cells or neurons do not occur alone.

Neurons possess branches like little trees, and when an electrical message reaches the end of one of these branches it radiates outward as does the ripple in a pond. Because neurons are packed together so densely, these expanding ripples of electricity - also a wave-like phenomenon - are constantly crisscrossing one another. When Pribram remembered this he realized that they were most assuredly creating an almost endless and kaleidoscopic array of interference patterns, and these in turn might be what gives the brain its holographic properties. "The hologram was there all the time in the wave-front nature of brain-cell connectivity," observed Pribram. "We simply hadn’t the wit to realize it."

A hologram is a demonstration of a very special type of mathematics known as "Fourier Transforms." Invented by the eighteenth-century Frenchman Jean B.J. Fourier, these mathematical formulas show how to convert any pattern, no matter how complex, into a language of waves. Fourier’s formulas can also be used to convert wave forms into patterns. A hologram is an image created by the interference of wave energy. The image projected out of that hologram is the pattern of the interference wave-form.

In 1979, researchers Karen and Russell DeValois discovered that the visual cortex of the brain appeared to be functioning like a frequency analyzer and not a digital register. They attached electrodes to subjects in order to read their brain waves and had them look at a simple plaid pattern. When they analyzed the data, they found that the wave forms in the brain matched the Fourier Transform of the plaid pattern. Other researchers went on to discover that the senses of taste, touch, smell and hearing also registered in the brain as a frequency response. This suggests that the brain is functioning and perceiving holographically.

Pribram realized that if the holographic model was taken to its logical conclusions, it opened the door to the possibility that objective reality - the world of coffee cups, mountain vistas, elm trees, and table lamps - might not even exist, or at least might not exist in the way we believe it exists. Was it possible, he wondered, that what the mystics had been saying for centuries was true: Reality was maya - an illusion, and what was out there was really a vast, resonating symphony of wave forms, a "frequency domain" that was transformed into the world as we know it only after it entered our senses?

Pribram, realizing the solution he sought might lie outside his field of expertise, consulted his physicist son. His son recommended that he look into the work of physicist David Bohm. When Pribram did, he found that Bohm had come to the same conclusions about reality. In fact, according to Bohm, the entire universe was a hologram.

The Nature of Reality

Bohm called the base reality, or energy that everything is manifest out of, the "implicate order" or enfolded. He called the level of reality that we function in "the waking state," and that of objects and appearances, the "explicate order" or unfolded. The explicate order is formed from or bubbles up out of the implicate order. "Electrons and all other particles are no more substantive or permanent than the form a geyser of water takes as it gushes out of a fountain. They are sustained by a constant influx from the implicate order, and when a particle appears to be destroyed, it is not lost. It has merely enfolded back into the deeper order from which it sprang. A piece of holographic film and the image it generates are also an example of an implicate and explicate order. The film is an implicate order because the image encoded in its interference patterns is a hidden totality enfolded throughout the whole. The hologram projected from the film is an explicate order because it represents the unfolded and perceptible version of the image." The universe is an infinite motion hologram flowing in and out of itself, changing its form and images constantly. Bohm calls it a "holomovement."

Most mind-boggling of all are Bohm’s fully-developed ideas about wholeness. Because everything in the cosmos is made out of the seamless holographic fabric of the implicate order, he believes it is as meaningless to view the universe as composed of "parts," as it is to view the different geysers in a fountain as separate from the water out of which they flow. "An electron is not an elementary particle. It is just a name given to a certain aspect of the holomovement. Dividing reality up into parts and then naming those parts is always arbitrary, a product of convention, because subatomic particles and everything else in the universe are no more separate from one another than different patterns in an ornate carpet."

This is a profound suggestion. In his general theory of relativity, Einstein astounded the world when he said that space and time are not separate entities, but are smoothly linked and part of a larger whole he called the space-time continuum. Bohm takes this idea a giant step further stating, "Everything in the universe is part of a continuum. Despite the apparent separateness of things at the explicate level, everything is a seamless extension of everything else, and ultimately even the implicate and explicate orders blend into each other."

"Take a moment to consider this. Look at your hand. Now look at the light streaming from the lamp beside you. And at the dog resting at your feet. You are not merely made of the same things, you are the same thing. One thing, unbroken. One enormous something that has extended its uncountable arms and appendages into all the apparent objects, atoms, restless oceans, and twinkling stars in the cosmos."

Bohm cautions that this does not mean the universe is a giant undifferentiated mass. Things can be part of an undivided whole and still possess unique qualities. To illustrate what he means, he points to the little eddies and whirlpools that often form in a river. At a glance, such eddies appear to be separate things and possess many individual characteristics such as size, rate, direction of rotation, et cetera. However, careful scrutiny reveals that it is impossible to determine where any given whirlpool ends and the river begins. Thus, Bohm is not suggesting that the differences between things is meaningless. He merely wants us to constantly be aware that dividing various aspects of the holomovement into things is always an abstraction; a way of making those aspects stand out in our perception by our way of thinking. In an attempt to correct this, instead of calling different aspects of the holomovement "things," he prefers to call them "relatively independent subtotalities."

Bohm believes that our almost universal tendency to fragment the world and ignore the dynamic interconnectedness of all things is responsible for many of our problems, not only in science, but in our lives and our society as well."

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