Unfortunately, Americans agree on the things that have nebulous definitions. Equality, liberty and progress mean different things to different people. You can add words like justice and get the same result. Everyone wants justice. But what does it mean? Nothing, really. It's a blancmange of a word.
Americans disagree on nearly everything that counts.
The thing about the US that has come to haunt you is that the country was built on an understanding that there is almost limitless space and a person can carve out the life they wish for without having to worry what anyone else thinks. But the truth is, you've run out of room to expand into. And so you are trying to learn to live together. It's hard for a people that made a principle of individual rights to come to terms with collective responsibilities. That's where the struggle is happening everywhere you look.